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Most of our work is in acoustics and sensing. We show how our senses can be greatly augmented with the aid of scientific understanding and technology.
The limits of our natural senses frame our perspective. Expanding our senses expands our perspective.
Our work has led us to many diverse uses of sound and other waves in sensing. This includes ocean exploration, undersea remote sensing of marine life and geophysical phenomena, the census of marine life, ocean acoustic hurricane classification, Europa ice sheet fracture mechanics and seismics, wave propagation and scattering theory in remote sensing through random media and waveguides, statistical estimation and information theory in sensing, linear and nonlinear acoustics and seismics, musical instrument acoustics and evolution.
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| Some Chief Scientist Roles and Related Activities:
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Chief Scientist of Nordic Seas Experiment: Use of synoptic Ecosystem-scale underwater sensing to study some of Earth's largest mass migrations of various fish species, including cod, capelin, and Norwegian herring from the ice-edge to the Norwegian coast for spawning, as well as their interactions and those with marine mammals. Joint ONR and Institute of Marine Research Norway January 2012-Present RV Knorr, RV Johan Hjort, FV Artus
Chief Scientist of Joint Mexico, US Department of Homeland Security, NOAA Seagrant, ONR Experiment Series: Hurricane Quantification with Natural Undersea Sound, Isla Socorro, Mexico. Demonstrated destructive power of hurricanes can be accurately and inexpensively quantified with a single hydrophone from their underwater low frequecy sound level. March 2008-2011
Scientific Advisor in New England Fisheries Crisis to investigate new methods for determining fish populations in the Gulf of Maine due to a conflicting reports of stock collapses with conventional, undersampled methods, for Massachusetts State 2011-2012
Chief Scientist of National Oceanographic Partnership Program Ocean Acoustic Waveguide Remote Sensing (OAWRS) Gulf of Maine Fall 2006 Experiment: Coherent group behaviour of mass migrations of Atlantic herring to Georges Bank spawning ground revealed; Group behavioral theories verified for first time in wild with fish groups spanning tens of kilometers; passive wide-area classification and localiation vocalizing marine mammal over tens of thousands of square kilometers and interactions with spawning Herring; rapid quantification of entire spawning stock achieved with a handful of instantaneous synoptic images; depth variations of spawning group during upslope migration remotely revealed by changes in swimbladder resonance. RV Oceanus, RV Endeavor, RV Hugh Sharp, RV Delaware II
Joint Head of Europa Lander Group, Jupiter Icy Moons Orbitor Science Definition Team. This followed theory published by our group showing that the thickness of Europa's ice sheet and depth of its ocean can be determined from a single passive geophone placed on its surface using ice cracks expected from Jovian tides as sources. NASA ~2003-2006
Chief Scientist of ONR Acoustic Clutter (Geoclutter) Program, with Major Oceanographic Experiments in April-May 2001 RV Alliance, RV Endeavor; Winter 2002-2003 RV Endeavor, and April-May 2003 RV Oceanus, RV Endeavor, RV Cape Henlopen. Demonstration of Ocean Acoustic Waveguide Remote Sensing (OAWRS) to instantaneously quantifiy and continuoulsy monitor fish populations over thousands of square kilometers. Demonstrated theoretically and with experimental data that seafloor and subseafloor geology in the continental shelf environment studied, in the Mid-Atlantic Bight, was orders of magnitude lower in scattering strength than the prominent fish groups detected. 2000-2003.
Chief Scientist NRL Beach Noise Imaging Experiment. Found that underwater noise hundreds of meters offshore from surf at Camp Pendleton lacked sufficient directional amplitude to image underwater objects, in accord with theory published by Chief Scientist in 1993 showing that even at ultra high frequencies in the ocean, human sized objects to be imaged with underwater ambient noise are as invisible as dust particles in light. CA June 1995
Designed and Direct Main Acoustics Experiment of the ONR Special Research Program (SRP) on Seafloor Reverberation, Mid-Atlantic Ridge. This SRP was one of ONR's largest, involving hundreds of participants from US Universities and Laboratories over broad disciplines ranging from geology and geophysics to wave scattering and propagation to jointly study the fundamental causes of unexplained long-range acoustic imaging returns in the deep ocean. Our 1993 paper summarizing key results explaining the returns appears also in ONR's 50th Anniversery Commerative Book. 1992-1993 RV Cory Chouest, RV Atlantis II, RV Knorr, RV Alliance.
Research at US Navy SOSUS Facility Brawdy Wales 1991, US Navy P3 Airbase Forres Scotland 1991, RV Cory Chouest Mid-Atlantic Ridge 1991 |
Positions:
MIT Teaching:
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Advanced Acoustic Concepts Group, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington DC, 1991-1997
MIT Faculty 1997-Present
Acoustics and Sensing 2.066.2.065; Dynamics 2.003
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| Appelations: |
Secretary of the Navy/Chief of Naval Operations Scholar of Oceanographic Sciences
William I. Koch Professor of Marine Technology
Professor of Mechanical and Ocean Engineering, MIT |
| Education: |
PhD in Ocean Engineering, MIT 1991,
SB in Physics, MIT 1983. |
Summaries of some of our research areas:
Instantaneous Ecosystem-Scale Sensing of Fish and Marine Mammals
N.C. Makris, P. Ratilal, D. Symonds, S. Jagannathan, S. Lee, R. Nero, “Fish population and behavior revealed by instantaneous continental-shelf-scale imaging,” Science, Volume 311, 660-663 (February 3, 2006). (This link includes Movies.)
Nicholas C. Makris, Purnima Ratilal, Srinivasan Jagannathan, Zheng Gong, Mark Andrews, Ioannis Bertsatos, Olav Rune Godoe, Redwood W. Nero, J. Michael Jech, "Critical Population Density Triggers Rapid Formation of Vast Oceanic Fish Shoals", Science, Vol. 323, No. 5922, 1734-1737 (March 27, 2009).(This link includes Movies.)
D. Wang, H.Garcia, W. Huang, D.D. Tran, A.D. Jain, D. H. Yi, Z. Gong, J. M. Jech, O. R. Godø, N. C. Makris, & P. Ratilal, "Vast assembly of vocal marine mammals from diverse species on fish spawning ground", Nature, doi:10.1038/nature16960, 02 March 2016.
Makris NC, Godø OR, Yi DH, et al. "Instantaneous areal population density of entire Atlantic cod and herring spawning groups and group size distribution relative to total spawning population." Fish Fish. 2019;20: 201–213. https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12331 Supporting Information: faf12331-sup-0001-Supinfo.pdf
D. H. Yi, Z. Gong, J. M. Jech, P. Ratilal, and N. C. Makris, "Instantaneous 3D Continental-Shelf Scale Imaging of Oceanic Fish by Multi-Spectral Resonance Sensing Reveals Group Behavior during Spawning Migration," Remote Sens. 2018, 10(1), 108; doi:10.3390/rs10010108
Z. Gong, M. Andrews, S. Jagannathan, R. Patel, J. M. Jech, N. C. Makris, P. Ratilal, “Low-frequency target strength and abundance of shoaling Atlantic herring Clupea harengus in the Gulf of Maine during the Ocean Acoustic Waveguide Remote Sensing (OAWRS) 2006 Experiment” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 127, 104-123 (2010).
S. Jagannathan, I. Bertsatos, D. Symonds, T. Chen, H. T. Nia, A. Jain, M. Andrews, Z. Gong, R. Nero, L. Ngor, M. Jech, O. R. Godø, S. Lee, P. Ratilal, Nicholas Makris, “Ocean Acoustics Waveguide Remote Sensing (OAWRS) of marine ecosystems,” Marine Ecology Progress Series, Vol. 395, 137-160 (2009). Supplementary online material.
Z. Gong, A. D. Jain, D. D. Tran, D. H. Yi, F. Wu, A. Zorn, P. Ratilal, and N. C. Makris, “Ecosystem scale acoustic sensing reveals humpback whale behavior synchronous with herring spawning processes and re-evaluation finds sonar had no effect on humpback song occurrence in the Gulf of Maine in Fall 2006,” PLoS ONE, 9(10): e104733. Doi:10.137/journal.pone.0104733, (2014).
Heriberto A Garcia, Chenyang Zhu, Matthew E Schinault, Anna I Kaplan, Nils Olav Handegard, Olav Rune Godø, Heidi Ahonen, Nicholas C Makris, Delin Wang, Wei Huang, Purnima Ratilal, "Temporal– spatial, spectral, and source level distributions of fin whale vocalizations in the Norwegian Sea observed with a coherent hydrophone array" ICES Journal of Marine Science, fsy127, https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsy127 2018
Dong Hoon Yi and Nicholas C. Makris,"Feasibility of Acoustic Remote Sensing of Large Herring Shoals and Seafloor by Baleen Whales”Remote Sens. 2016, 8(9), 693 (2016)
D. D. Tran, W. Huang, A. Bohn, D. Wang, Z. Gong, N. C. Makris, and P. Ratilal, “Using a coherent hydrophone array for observing sperm whale range, classification, and shallow-water dive profiles,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 135, 3352-3363, (2014).
A. Jain, A. Ignisca, D.H. Yi, P. Ratilal, N. C. Makris, “Feasibility of Ocean Acoustic Waveguide Remote Sensing (OAWRS) of Atlantic Cod with Seafloor Scattering Limitations,” Remote Sensing 6, 180-208 (2013).
N.C. Makris, "New Sonar Technology Reveals City-size Schools of Fish Low-frequency sound waves improve ocean sensing", IEEE Spectrum Feature Article, August 2011. http://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/environment/new-sonar-technology-reveals-citysize-schools-of-fish/0
N.C. Makris, S. Jagannathan, and A. Ignisca, “Ocean Acoustic Waveguide Remote Sensing: Visualizing Life Around Seamounts,” Oceanography Vol. 23, No. 1, March 2010, Special Issue on Mountains in the Sea.
Quantifying the Destructive Power of Hurricanes with Underwater Sound
J. D. Wilson and N.C. Makris, “Ocean Acoustic Hurricane Classification,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 119, 168-181 (2006).
J. D. Wilson and N. C. Makris, "Quantifying hurricane destructive power, wind speed, and air-sea material exchange with natural undersea sound," Geophysical Research Letters 35, L10603 1-5 (2008)
Propagation of Sound Through the Randomly Fluctuating Ocean
P. Ratilal and N.C. Makris, “Mean and covariance of the forward field propagated through a stratified ocean waveguide with three-dimensional inhomogeneities,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 118, 3532-3559 (2005).
T.R. Chen, P. Ratilal and N.C. Makris, “Mean and variance of the forward field propagated through three-dimensional random internal waves in a continental-shelf waveguide,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 118, 3560-3574 (2005).
Z. Gong, T. Chen, P. Ratilal, and N.C. Makris, “Temporal coherence of the acoustic field forward propagated through a continental shelf with random internal waves,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 134, 3476-3485 (2013).
T. Chen, P. Ratilal, N. C. Makris, "Temporal coherence after multiple forward scattering through random three-dimensional inhomogeneities in an ocean waveguide," J. Acoust. Soc. Am.124, 2812-2822 (2008)
Cho, B., Makris, N.C. "Predicting the Effects of Random Ocean Dynamic Processes on Underwater Acoustic Sensing and Communication." Sci Rep10, 4525 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-61043-w
Europa Seismo-Acoustic Sensing of Icethickness, Ocean depth with single geophone, Europa Tidal bla, Icey Satellites and Artic Ocean Natural Geophysical Noise
S. Lee, M. Zanolin, A. Thode, R. Pappalardo, N.C. Makris, “Probing Europa’s Interior with Natural Sound Sources,” Icarus 165, 144-167 (2003)
S. Lee, B. Pappalardo, N.C. Makris, “Mechanics of tidally induced fractures in Europa's ice shell,” Icarus 177, 367-379 (2005).
N. C. Makris and I. Dyer, “Environmental correlates of arctic ice edge noise,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 90, 3288-3298 (1990).
N. C. Makris and I. Dyer, “Environmental correlates of pack ice noise,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 79, 1434-1440 (1986).
The Array Invariant: Instantaneous Range Estimation in the Ocean with a Towed Array Without the Need for Triangulation or Large Apertures for Focusing
S. Lee and N.C. Makris, “The array invariant,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 119, 336-351 (2006).
Z. Gong, P. Ratilal, N.C. Makris, "Simultaneous localization of muliple broadbandnon-impulsive acoustic sources in an ocean waveguide using the array invariant." J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 138(5):2649-2667 (2015).
Musical Instrument Acoustics
H. T. Nia, A. D. Jain, Y. Liu, M-R Alam, R. Barnas, and N. C. Makris, "The evolution of air resonance power efficiency in the violin and its ancestors," Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 471(2175):20140905, DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2014.0905, (2015).
Scattering from Objects, Moving Objects and Seafloor in Ocean Waveguide
Yisan Lai and N. C. Makris, “Spectral and modal formulations for the Doppler-shifted field scattered from an object moving in a stratified medium,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 113, 223-244 (2003).
P. Ratilal, Y. Lai and N. C. Makris, “Validity of the sonar equation and Babinet’s principle for scattering in a stratified medium,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 112, 1797-1816 (2002).
P. Ratilal and N. C. Makris, “Extinction theorem for object scattering in a stratified medium,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 110, 2924-2945 (2001).
S. Jagannathan, Elizabeth T. Kusel, Purnima Ratilal and N. C. Makris, "Scattering from extended targets in range-dependent fluctuating ocean-waveguides with clutter from theory and experiments", J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 132 (2), 680-693, August 2012.
A. Galinde, N. Donabed, S. Lee, N. C. Makris, and P. Ratilal, "Range-dependent waveguide scattering model calibrated for bottom reverberation in continental shelf environments" J. Acoust. Soc. Am 123, 1270-1281 (2008)
A. Jain, A. Ignisca, D.H. Yi, P. Ratilal, N. C. Makris, “Feasibility of Ocean Acoustic Waveguide Remote Sensing (OAWRS) of Atlantic Cod with Seafloor Scattering Limitations,” Remote Sensing 6, 180-208 (2013).
N. C. Makris and P. Ratilal, “A unified model for reverberation and submerged object scattering in a stratified ocean waveguide,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 109, 909-941 (2001).
N. C. Makris, “A spectral approach to 3-D object scattering in stratified media applied to scattering from submerged spheres,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 104, 2105-2113 (1998).
I. Bertsatos and N.C. Makris, "Estimating the instantaneous velocity of randomly moving target swarms in a stratified ocean waveguide by Doppler analysis" J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 130, 84, 2011.
Deconvolution of Beamformed Images with Sigal-Dependent Noise from Gaussian Field Fluctuations
Ankita D. Jain and Nicholas C. Makris, “Maximum Likelihood Deconvolution of Beamformed Images with Signal-Dependent Speckle Fluctuations from Gaussian Random Fields: With Application to Ocean Acoustic Waveguide Remote Sensing (OAWRS),”Remote Sens. 2016, 8(9), 694 (2016)
Necessary Sample Size to Attain Minimum Variance Unbiased Estimates, Applications to Matched Filter Optimality Conditions, Doppler Estimation, Detection of Gravitational Waves from General Relativity, Sensing of Ocean Source and Environmental Parameters with Waveguide Acoustics
E. Naftali and N. C. Makris, “Necessary conditions for a maximum likelihood estimate to become asymptotically unbiased and attain the Cramer-Rao lower bound, Part I: General approach with an application to time-delay and Doppler shift estimation,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.110, 1917-1930 (2001).
A. Thode, M. Zanolin, E. Naftali, I. Ingram, P. Ratilal and N. C. Makris, “Necessary conditions for a maximum likelihood estimate to become asymptotically unbiased and attain the Cramer-Rao lower bound Part II: Range and depth localization of a sound source in an ocean waveguide,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 112, 1890-1910 (2002).
M. Zanolin, S. Vitale, N. C. Makris, "Application of asymptotic expansions for maximum likelihood estimators errors to gravitational waves from binary mergers: The single interferometer case," Phys. Rev. D 81, 124048 (2010) [16 pages]
I. Bertsatos, M. Zanolin, T.R. Chen, P. Ratilal, N.C. Makris, "General second order covariance of Gaussian Maximum Likelihood Estimate applied to passive source localization in a fluctuating ocean waveguide,"J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 128, 2635-2651 (2010).
M. Zanolin, I. Ingram, A. Thode, N. C. Makris, “Asymptotic accuracy of geoacoustic inversions” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 116, 2031-2042 (2004)
Instantaneous Wide-Area Imaging of Deep Ocean Bathymetry and Continental Shelf Environment with Ocean Acoustic Waveguide Remote Sensing. This Reveals the Sources of Geologic Clutter in Wide-Area Ocean Acoustic Sensing
Ratilal et al and N.C. Makris, “Long range remote imaging of the continental shelf environment: The Acoustic Clutter Reconnaissance Experiment 2001 Experiment,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 117, 1977-1998 (2005).
C. S. Chia, L., N. C. Makris and T. Fialkowski, “A comparison of bi-static scattering from two geologically distinct abyssal hills,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 108, 2053-2070 (2000)
N. C. Makris, C. S. Chia, L. T. Fialkowski, “The bi-azimuthal scattering distribution of an abyssal hill,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 106, 2491-2512 (1999)
N. C. Makris, L. Avelino, R. Menis, “Deterministic reverberation from ocean ridges,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 97, 3547-3574 (1995). (Also appears in full in a special volume commemorating ONR's 50th Anniversary.)
N. C. Makris and J. M. Berkson, “Long-range backscatter from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 95, 1865-1881 (1994).
N. C. Makris, “Imaging ocean-basin reverberation via inversion,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 94, 983-993 (1993).
Statistical Properties of Scintillating Signals from Transmission, Source Generation, or Scattering and Optimal Properties of Logarithmic Measurements of Gaussian Field Intensities (such as Decibels Measures)
N. C. Makris, “The effect of saturated transmission scintillation on ocean-acoustic intensity measurements,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 100, 769-783 (1996).
N. C. Makris, “Parameter resolution bounds that depend on sample size,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 99, 2851-2861 (1996).
N. C. Makris, “A foundation for logarithmic measures of fluctuating intensity in pattern recognition,” Optics Letters 20, 2012-2014 (1995).
N. C. Makris,"The Statistics of Ocean-Acoustic Ambient Noise," in Sea Surface Sound '97, edited by T. Leighton, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1997).
N. C. Makris, "Statistical ocean-acoustics in shallow water," Proceedings of the First International Conference on Shallow Water Acoustics, Beijing China ( 1997).
Imaging with Ambient Noise
N. C. Makris, F. Ingenito and W. A. Kuperman, “Detection of a submerged object insonified by surface noise in an ocean waveguide,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 96, 1703-1724 (1994).
Where the Acoustic Daylight Analogy Breaks Down https://asa.scitation.org/doi/10.1121/1.420520
Nonlinear Acoustic Sensing
Wenjun Zhang, Yuming Liu, Purnima Ratilal, Byung-gu Cho, and Nicholas C. Makris, "Active Nonlinear Acoustic Sensing of an Object with Sum or Difference Frequency Fields", Remote Sens. 2017, 9, 954; doi:10.3390/rs9090954.
Optimally Resolving Surface Orientation from planetary surfaces with photocliminnty, and from Lambertian surface with acoustic, laser or optics
N.C. Makris and I. Bertsatos, "Resolving Lambertian surface orientation from fluctuating radiance", J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 130, 1222, 2011.
I. Bertsatos and N. C. Makris, "Statistical biases and errors inherent in photoclinometric surface slope estimation with natural light," Icarus 208, 798-810 (2010).
The Effect of Attenuation from Fish Shoals in Long Range Sensing in the Ocean with Sound
Duane, Daniel; Godø, Olav Rune; Makris, Nicholas C., "Quantification of Wide-Area Norwegian Spring-Spawning Herring Population Density with Ocean Acoustic Waveguide Remote Sensing (OAWRS)" Remote Sens. 2021,l Vol. 13 (22), 4546; DOI:10.3390/rs13224546
Duane, Daniel; Zhu, Chenyang; Piavsky, Felix; Godø, Olav Rune; Makris, Nicholas C., "The Effect of Attenuation from Fish on Passive Detection of Sound Sources in Ocean Waveguide Environments" Remote Sens. 2021, Vol. 13 (21), 4369; DOI:10.3390/rs13214369
Daniel Duane, Byunggu Cho , Ankita D. Jain, Olav Rune Godø and Nicholas C. Makris , "The Effect of Attenuation from Fish Shoals on Long-Range, Wide-Area Acoustic Sensing in the Ocean," Remote Sens. 2019, 11(21), 2464; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11212464
Infrared Sensing of Bats
M. Betke, D. E. Hirsh, N. C. Makris, G. F. McCracken, M. Procopio, N. I. Hristov, S. Tang, A. Bagchi, J. Reichard, J. Horn, S. Crampton, C. J. Cleveland, and T. H. Kunz,"Thermal Imaging Reveals Significantly Smaller Brazilian Free-tailed Bat Colonies than Previously Estimated." Journal of Mammalogy, 89(1):18-24, February 2008
Computer Vision
S. Jagannathan, B.K. Horn, P. Ratilal, N.C. Makris, "Force estimation and prediction from time-varying density images", IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell. 2011 June 33(6) 1132-46. (highlighted paper)
M. Betke and N. C. Makris, “Recognition, resolution and complexity of objects subject to affine transformation,” International Journal of Computer Vision 44, 5-40 (2001).
M. Betke, E. Naftali and N. C. Makris, "Necessary Conditions to Attain Performance Bounds on Structure and Motion Estimates of Rigid Objects," Proceedings of the IEEE Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Conference CVPR 2001, Kauai, Hawaii, December 2001.
M. Betke and N. Makris, "Information-Conserving Object Recognition." Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Computer Vision, pp. 145-152, Bombay, India, January 1998. Also, UMD-CfAR-TR-858.
M. Betke and N. C. Makris, "Fast Object Recognition in Noisy Images Using Simulated Annealing." Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Computer Vision, pp. 523-530, June 1995 Also, MIT-AI-Memo-1510.